• Observe normal and abnormal responses during the neurological examination of the dog. The examination will focus on everything below the foramen magnum.
  • Learn to localize the lesion based on spinal reflex response.
  • Paresis – loss of proprioception, varying degrees of voluntary motor function, partial loss of sensation
  • Plegia or paralysis – loss of proprioception, voluntary motor function, and superficial pain sensation
  • Tetraparesis (tetraplegia) – all four limbs affected
  • Paraparesis (paraplegia) – both pelvic limbs affected
  • Hemiparesis (hemiplegia) – both limbs on one side of the body affected
  • Monoparesis (monoplegia) – one limb affected

Progression of Clinical Signs Animals with spinal lesions progress through the following stages:

  • Loss of proprioception
  • Loss of voluntary motor function
  • Loss of superficial pain sensation
  • Loss of deep pain sensation (indicates a severly damaged spinal cord and poor prognosis)

Animals may be presented in any of these stages of neurologic disfunction.

  • Recovery is a reversal of progression